The Architecture of the Log Cabin

Todays log homes are often spacious and elegant, but in the 1800s log cabins reflected the hardships of life on the North American frontier. The roomy log cabins we build today are likely to include skylights, whirlpool tubs, and other luxuries. However, for homesteaders settling the American West, log cabins fulfilled more basic needs. Wherever timber was readily available, a log cabin could be built in just a few days using only a few simple tools. No nails were needed. Those early log cabins were sturdy, rainproof, and inexpensive. Some of the first buildings constructed in a colonial frontier were log cabins like the Chicken, Alaska Post Office. Log cabin construction came to North America in the 1600s when Swedish settlers brought building customs from their home country. Much later, in 1862, the Homestead Act influenced the design of Americas log cabins. The Act gave homesteaders rights to open land, but required that they cultivate it and build homes at least ten by twelve feet in size, with at least one glass window. The PBS television series, The Frontier House, documented efforts of three modern American families to build and live in frontier style log cabins. Deprived of modern comforts such as indoor plumbing and kitchen appliances, the families found life harsh and exhausting. Examples of Log Homes and Cabins Log cabins are examples of building with local materials. When pioneers encounter trees, they cut them down and built shelter. A log cabin built by homesteaders on the Alaskan frontier would be something to be proud of c. 1900–1930. How might they have constructed it? A frontier style cabin would often have notches cut with an ax on the ends of each log. The homesteaders would then stack the logs and fit the notched ends together at the corners. The log cabin of poet Robert W. Service (1874–1958) may have been built this way. Called the Bard of the Yukon, in Dawson City, Canada, this retreat was ahead of its time with what today is called a green roof. The Revolutionary War shelters at Valley Forge in Pennsylvania probably had wooden shingle roofs. Log Cabin Construction Facts Do you think you could build and live in a frontier style log cabin? Before you answer, consider these log cabin facts: The frontier style log cabin was introduced to the New World by Swedish settlers in the early 1600s—pioneers who perhaps had lived in cabins in the Swedish Lapland. It used no nails; contained only one room; was only 10 feet wide; measured 12 to 20 feet long; had at least one glass window; included a loft area for sleeping. To build a frontier style log cabin: lay a rock or stone foundation to keep logs above the damp soil; square off each log; cut notches on the top and bottom of each end; stack the logs and fit the notched ends together at the corners; chick (or stuff) sticks and wood chips in the gaps between the logs; fill remaining spaces with mud; cut open a door and at least one window; build a stone fireplace; rake the dirt and gravel floor smooth. Does this sound too rustic? If you prefer your cabin to have all the modern amenities, there are plenty of ways to learn the craft—week-long schools, training videos, and plenty of books have been published by people in the know. Log Home Affordability Theyre not called cabins anymore. And theyre not made from the timber growing behind your lot. The Log and Timber Home Council of the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) suggests that anyone who can afford to build a home can afford to build a beautiful log home. Here are some of their secrets: Choose stock plan kits with pre-cut and pre-drilled timber.Choose a simple, rectangular design.Go small and simple, with an open floor plan.Think like a pioneer and build only what you need at first, then add on porches and extras.Do the start-up work yourself. As much as 35% of your budget will go to clearing your home site, excavating a foundation, creating a driveway and installing utilities, claims the NAHB Council.Keep the design of the roof simple.Choose a builder trained in log home construction. Sources 16 Secrets of Affordable Log Home Design! Log and Timber Home Council of the National Association of Home Builders [accessed August 13, 2016]Chicken, Alaska Post Office photo by Arthur D. Chapman and Audrey Bendus at flickr.comFrontier Log Cabin, Alaska Homesteaders, photo LC-DIG-ppmsc-02272, Carpenter Coll. Library of Congress Prints Photographs Div. (cropped)Photo of man notching log by Thinkstock/Stockbyte/Getty Images (cropped)Photo of Robert Serivce cabin by Stephen Krasemann / All Canada Photos / Getty ImagesPhoto of cabin at Valley Forge by Aimin Tang / Collection: Photographers Choice / Getty Images (cropped)Photo of Swedish cabin by Cultura Travel/Philip Lee Harvey/Photolibrary Collection/Getty Images (cropped)

My Experience At My Hospital Volunteer Work - 872 Words

Born two months premature at just under five pounds, I like to believe that starting small can lead to big things. My parents were informed that it was unlikely that I would attend public school or gain the ability to speak well. But they were undaunted and instilled in me a can-do attitude. For the next dozen years I worked hard to overcome those setbacks with a steady routine of speech, motor skill and nutrition therapy. Without knowing it then, those difficult experiences were building my character and inspired my future. During my hospital volunteer work, I learned about the critical role diet plays in health, particularly for expectant mothers. Working with the Food Trust and Act in Faith nonprofits, I discovered how difficult it was for low income people to access nutritious food; and working with Aramark I developed a love and respect for preparing and serving healthy meals. Now, as I move on from West Chester University, I am proud to say that I am able to pay forward the kin dness I received as a child, and the knowledge I ve gained through my studies and work, as I pursue a profession in dietetics. Good and accessible nutrition is vital for every person s wellbeing, and I want to dedicate my life s work to this field. I was fortunate to start my career at 16 at Chick-fil-A where I learned about teamwork and what it truly means to adopt a service philosophy. From there I polished up my culinary skills and learned about efficiency working as an assistant chef atShow MoreRelatedBecome A Candy Striper : The American Bureau Of Labor Statistics1019 Words   |  5 Pagestheir time in a hospital or health-related organization [in 2011]† (Kendrick, â€Å"Sector Spotlight: Volunteer Management in Hospitals†). 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Why did the First World War end when it did Free Essays

This was war on a scale that the world had never seen before, and Hough It would never see again. However, a question that Is often glossed over Is why the war ended on Armistice Day, at the eleventh hour. It is a combination of different events, all leading to the fact that Germany ran out of food, supplies, and manpower, and had to surrender. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did the First World War end when it did? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, as America had entered the war the previous year, the Germans realized that they were going to lose, and that drawing it out would only Increase casualties and long-term effects. One of the reasons Germany was ‘bled white’, to use their own term, was the successful British Naval Blockade, which caused mass starvation, and turned the country on itself with riots and the naval mutiny. The American president, Woodrow Wilson, had been campaigning for a ceasefire, which led to the US invasion of Germany, and when Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on the 9th November, the war was all but over. To begin with, the main reason for the end of the war was a simple lack of supplies on all sides, but Germany had especially been hit hard. Although both sides launched renewed offensives In early 1918 In a desperate attempt to win the war, both efforts failed. The fighting between exhausted, demoralized troops continued to approach a stalemate until the Germans lost a number of individual battles and very gradually began to be pushed back. A deadly outbreak of influenza, meanwhile, took heavy casualties on both sides. Eventually, the governments of both Germany and Austria-Hungary began to lose control as both countries experienced multiple mutinies from within their military structures, and due to mass starvation, many call riots were held In Berlin. The naval war Is generally considered a side show In world War l: in fact it was a critical part of the war, with especially the naval blockade of Germany being hugely important. If the Germans were to be stopped it would have to be done by the French Army, but what the British did have was the Royal Navy. The Government ordered the Royal Navy to immediately cut the flow of raw materials and foodstuffs to Germany, which would not affect the German offensive, but it was the launch of a war of attrition which would ultimately play a major role In the Allied victory. Another factor that contributed to the end of the war was the introduction of American troops into the fighting. On April 2, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson asked a special session of Congress to declare war on the German Empire, saying â€Å"We have war in a positive light, claiming it would â€Å"make the world safe for democracy† and that it would be a â€Å"war to end war†. On April 6, 1917, Congress declared war, and in the end it was Germany’s use of U-boats that pushed America into a corner and ultimately to declare war: on February 4th, 191 5, Germany announced that merchant shipping in a specified zone around Britain would be legitimate targets. They added hat this would include neutral ships because many Allied ships had taken to flying the flag of a neutral nation to assist its safety. America’s military build-up was (relatively) slow: General Perishing demanded a million men, to which the American Congress replied it could gather 420,000 by spring 1918. However, the anticipated influx of military supplies from America never materialized. For the most part the troops fought with equipment supplied by the Allies (including the recognizable helmet). American troops saw their first action in May 1918 in fighting alone at the Manner River. In June 1918, Perishing ordered an all-out attack in the Saint-Mile area of Eastern France. Casualties were high but the attack forced a German retreat that (combined with other Allied offensives along the Western Front) put the entire German army on the back foot. In early October, the Americans pushed through the Argonne Forest. The German High Command began to crack in the face of the persistent Allied onslaught. General Ultrasound was forced to resign and flee to Sweden, a feeling of mutiny spread among the Kaiser’s naval units, and the Kaiser myself was forced to abdicate on November 9. On the other hand, the American assistance nearly came too late: as both sides desperately tried to gain the upper hand in 1918, Germany very nearly won an attack, as the American troops were delayed. Fortunately, Willow’s men eventually arrived, and this attack can be regarded as the tipping point that signaled the final stages of the war. The war ended for a number of different reasons, all leading to the fact that there was no longer anything to fight with, or anyone to Join the German army. Many Americans live that America won the war, and the truth is much more subtle: it is true that the war would have lasted longer without the Allied support of Woodrow Wilson, but it was not a war of tactics, but of attrition. There is no denying that the First World War was a catastrophic failure of humanity, and the questions of motivation have been analyses endlessly. I believe that the reasons for the peace treaty are equally interesting, and as it shows that some good can come from four years of atrocities, it is clear why we remember all those who have died in war on the 1 lath of November. Word count: 1019 Ben Phillips How to cite Why did the First World War end when it did?, Essays

Master of Teaching

Question: How does differentiation in the classroom lead to increased student inquiry and improve learning, but my action plan can be similar just have to change everything have to be about improving students literacy in math classroom, paraphrase the main pints should be fine, dont have to come up with new action plan. Answer: Driving Question: How may I increase literacy focus in mathematics classroom? 2) How may I learn more about this? Sources of Information: 1. The extensive research based on the topic is required to find suitable strategies, techniques and methods. It is helpful in finding the assistances required to increase the queries related to the study and improvisation of the classroom learning. 2. Understanding the requirements of paying attention towards the class 3. Relating to the existing research, the implementation of the different techniques is needed to be identified 4. Receiving feedbacks through distributing questionnaires and determining the required amendments 5. The formative assessments are required to understand the success of the selected strategy 6. The findings will help me to understand either I shall continue the similar process or I shall make some of the necessary amendments related to the applied methods. 7. The process will guide me to understand the exact differentiations related to the needs of the students. More specifically, it increases the queries of the students related to mathematics through which the learning abilities are improved considerably. Identify evidence to gather (include how to gather and analyse): Observation: The process is helpful enough in identifying and analysing the relevant method that the teachers usually use for teaching the classroom students. These techniques are actually quite helpful for attracting my responses towards the mathematics classes (Pritchard, 2013). On the other hand, I have seen the differentiations in different types of teaching styles. Some other students are seen much attentive on those techniques. Hence, I can prompt that the different teaching styles are needed to be recognised the frequent responses derived from the students. Different faculty of teachers usually apply the diversified techniques by indentifying the relevant process of attracting the students attention (Fraser, 2015). Different students need different types of the learning style. The recognition of these methods is thus necessary. As per my perspectives, I think the observation of the students attitude in the class is necessary to identify the level of participation. Observing the samples of their works helps in understanding the background knowledge of the students as well as their behavioural traits. It is even helpful in knowing which of the learning style is suitable for the different types of students to make them much attentive. The interview session is quiet relevant process to understand the level, learning abilities, needs, and learning styles of the students (Hopkins, 2014). Recognition of the voice modulation is also much necessary to judge the behaviour of the students. The students even need to learn the fruitful techniques of learning maths that will make them more attentive towards the class. Through the observation of the diversified techniques that have been applied to the classroom, I can understand which of the strategy is best suited. Hence, accordingly, I can apply the similar strategy for the further implication. The research is also beneficial in understanding the needs of the students. The feedbacks based on the observations of my learning styles would be beneficial for me to decide if I should continue the similar process or make some changes. Moreover, it will be fruitful for me to make sure if I need to get the further evidences related to the process of my learning. The identification of the differentiations has been helpful for the student to learn about the relevant method applied to the classroom learning process and it helps in improvising the learning process of the students. References Fraser, B. (2015). Classroom learning environments. InEncyclopedia of Science Education(pp. 154-157). Springer Netherlands. Hopkins, D. (2014).A teacher's guide to classroom research. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Pritchard, A. (2013).Ways of learning: Learning theories and learning styles in the classroom. Routledge.

William Dean Howells’ Editha Essay Example

William Dean Howells’ Editha Essay Editha is a story that dwells on two alternative views of war. From the point of view of the main female character, Editha, war is a glorious event that will provide the perfect opportunity for George, the man she is engaged with, to become a hero. George and the subtle narrative voice hint at an opposite point of view. War is full of horrors, sufferance and death. It is far from the traditional conception of a battle as an occasion for heroism and courage. These latter notions lose their value in the face of the utter destructions brought by war. This realist and, to a certain degree, modernist view of war differs immensely from the glorious representation it has in ancient literature or in romanticism, for instance.Howells focuses closely on the reality of war, the way in which war will be experienced by the fighters. The ideas of glory and victory fade away when confronted with the truly horrifying facts that accompany war. Howells’ narrative escapes thus the conventions of Victorian fiction, focusing on the dramatic consequences of war. His choice of the romantic and selfish Editha as a main character is very significant. Because of her shallow, insensible perception of the tragedy of war, she can be said to embody tradition itself, with its misrepresentation of reality on account of pre-established certain ideas.William Dean Howells’ Editor’s StudyEditor’s Study contains many of the essential principles of realism. Howells advocates for the almost photographic representation of reality. He argues that the author should endeavor to show reality as it is and not focus on a romantic and adventurous plot that is, most likely, improbable. In his columns, Howells criticizes various pieces of literature, pointing to their flaws or qualities. According to Howells, the realist prose can achieve much better results than the romance, despite the fact that may seem dry. Greatness is to be found only in an accurate perception and rendering o f reality. In his view, it is this quality that distinguishes among great pieces of literature and simple romances.Henry James’ Daisy MillerJames’ novel, Daisy Miller, glosses over a theme that occurs often in the author’s novels: the clash between the American culture and the European one, as it was at the end of the nineteenth century. He contrasts the innocence of the Americans who were not so corseted by social rules and conventions and the rigidity and prejudiced behavior of the Europeans. In this context, the fact that the main point of view pertains to Winterbourne is not accidental. As in some of his other works, James lets the reader see the events through the eyes of the biased and prejudiced narrator so as to show him how easily it is to misunderstand and misjudge. Winterbourne harms Daisy by misjudging her according to the European standards of social conduct. When she walks on her own, unaccompanied by the chaperone, he doubts her integrity and worr ies about social rejection.By letting the reader see the events as Winterbourne does, James demonstrates that wrong and harmful opinions can be formed very easily. He also hides the actual character and conduct of Daisy until the end. Had the story been told from Daisy’s point of view, her behavior would not have constituted a mystery and the main theme of the novel would not have been fully developed. The novel draws attention to the strained contact between the European, rigid civilization and the American ingenuity. It is also important that Winterbourne is himself an American who lives in Europe. His behavior and standards have completely changed however under the influence of the social milieu. James shows therefore how great is the power of social convention and how it can easily determine someone to misrepresent reality.Works Cited:Lauter, Paul ed. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Vol. 2. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1998.

Camille Saint-Saens essays

Camille Saint-Saens essays Camille Saint-Saens was born in Paris, France, on October 9, 1835. His father was a clerk in the French Government Service and died shortly after Saint-Saens was born. Throughout his life he became very close with his mother, and often turned to her for help and advice. Saint-Saens was a child prodigy and could read and write at age three and almost immediately began composing. At the age of five he gave his first public performance. When he was ten years old he had all of Beethovens piano sonatas memorized and he gave a concert that included Beethovens Third Piano Concerto, Mozarts B flat Concerto, along with works by Bach, Handel, and Hummel. He wrote his first symphony at sixteen and in 1852, at seventeen, Ode a Sainte Cecile made this young composer known. Throughout his life he created the Bible opera Samson et Dalila, and his most famous work is The Carnival of the Animals, which is written for two pianos and an orchestra. In his lifetime, he composed over three hundred works, including thirteen operas. As a young man, Saint-Saens was a radical and a strong promoter of the music of Wagner and Schumann during a period when that was considered unfashionable. He also promoted the music of earlier composers like Handel and Bach. At the age of thirty-six he helped found the Societe Nationale de Musique to encourage new French music. Camille said of himself that he Lived in music like a fish in water, and that his playing reflected many of his characteristics as a composer. These include fluency, elegance, brilliance, and a lack of emotional depth. He was hailed by Liszt as the worlds greatest organist. In 1875, he fell in love with nineteen year old Marie-Laure Truffot. He married her, but became bored with her immediately and often sent her to stay with his mother. During their marriage they had two children, but they died with...

GSV Software Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GSV Software - Assignment Example GSV has a well-planned production strategy that is aimed at satisfying its large customer base. The aim of a company being to satisfy its customers with high quality products, GSV has attained that without compromising the quality of its programs. In its working, it integrates CSR and sustainability with their products and their operations. To ensure third party satisfaction, it complies with supply chain security global standards of various regions which include PIP in Canada, CTPAT, WCO and AEO in Europe. According to Johnson and Clark (2008), customer satisfaction is the ultimate goal of any company, the providers liaise well with the parties in the supply chain to get the information required to maintain global business security (71). The security self-assessment tool that is incorporated into the program is important in verifying the integrity of the person. GSV product delivery is done by third parties. This means that it has to introduce ways to ensure that the customers are satisfied with their products or risk losing their large customer base. This can be done by introducing a customer feedback forum so that they can address the arising issues and improve on their

Information management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Information management - Essay Example Its primary focus in the past years has been becoming a wellness, health and a nutrition company through the new acquisitions and existing brands (Dickersbach et al. 2009, p181). The brand portfolio of Nestle covers almost all the beverage and food categories. These categories include nutrition (healthcare, infant, weight and performance management), dairy and milk products, breakfast cereals, ice cream, beverages, coffee, chocolate, culinary products (cooking aids, prepared dishes, sauces), pet care, bottled water, and confectionery. Many of these brands have category leadership in the local and global market. Among the international best-known brands include Nestea, Purina, Nescafe, Maggi, Nestle and Buitoni. Revenues for Nestle exceeded 100 billion United States dollars for the year 2007 (Dickersbach et al. 2009, p181). The company is run through a decentralized group of companies that promote and rely on the organizational learning of the Group. The headquarter offers guidance, consultancy, and leadership to the local and regional organizations. Identification of the opportunities within the Businesses and Markets are done by the central competence units and they help the local management in the improvement of business performance (Dickersbach et al. 2009, p181). The company has numerous supply chains, a number of methods for predicting demand and infinite variety of ways of collecting payments and invoicing customers. The complexity of these processes has become very difficult to manage and they have been a bottleneck for the company. The Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Chief Executive, Peter Brabeck standardized the operations around the world in 2003 in order to overcome some of the difficulties faced by the company. GLOBE (Global Business Excellence programme) was then initiated and its aim was to bring all the Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s operations to utilize a single computer system for all of its financial, manufacturing and sales operations (Barnes

Academic Monitoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Academic Monitoring - Essay Example There are certain essentials which must be present for the questioning to be effective. Firstly, the questions must be appropriate to the instructional and developmental level of the students. Secondly, the teacher needs to keep a keen eye on those students that are voluntarily participating in discussion and those who are not. The non volunteers need to be encouraged to participate. Thirdly, the teacher may ask students to give feedback to each other based on the submitted responses to certain questions, that is, they can be encouraged to comment or add to the responses of their classmates. The second strategy, monitoring seatwork is a systematic measure for interacting with students while they work. Instead of waiting for the student to ask for help the teacher can instantly intercept wrong concepts and understanding. In order to immediately correct misconceptions the teacher checks and discusses the work of each student individually. Monitoring seatwork aids in the elimination of disruptive behavior and improves on-task behavior of students. The third effective strategy involves ensuring that homework assignments are in sync with the content covered in the classroom. These assignments should be given frequently to extend the practice time that students have with the material. They should be suited to the developmental and ability level of the students. They should be clearly understood and should be quickly checked and returned to students with comments given to reinforce positive behavior. A fourth strategy includes having daily, weekly, monthly and term reviews as well as classroom testing. These tests must be administered regularly and frequently. They must be aligned to the instruction. They should be collected, graded, documented and immediately returned to students so that errors can be corrected before they become deep-seated. The first juncture in establishing an effective monitoring system

Factors in Financing Public Education

Factors in Financing Public Education Introduction to Public Education Public Education is about the development of each child as an individual and their abilities to benefit our societies. Colleges and universities are critical social enterprises that have operated largely unchanged for centuries. In recent years, however, the traditional models of higher education have struggled to respond to the demands of new consumer groups, rapidly evolving demands of existing stakeholders, and emerging technologies that fundamentally change historic assumptions about how, when, why and what people learn (Public Administration Review, 2015). Public Education in the United States means a free education for all students, which holds importance to families who are underprivileged but still deserve the right to education regardless of their religion, race or abilities. Education holds importance as our nation has strengthened because of what people know and can do. Public education has provided opportunity for advancement and made an economic difference for individual s, as The United States is a world leader in high school completion Eighty-seven percent of eighteen to twenty four year olds have completed high school (American Imperative, 2006). So, public education is a worthy investment for state government, with immense social and economic benefits. However, there still remains a high and low end of annual expenditures of counties within the states on education, as it is never equal. Improving education outcomes has been shown through studies to result in national saving of about seven billion dollars in public assistance, food stamps, and housing assistance. These are just a few examples of what the governments funds towards education can help reduce the funds needed in other areas. Also, with improved education society benefits when citizens are employed with higher earnings as it gives the government the ability to collect greater tax revenue. All of these factors contribute to why education holds importance for citizens as well as our gov ernment, but the lack of financial support is the issue of importance. Most believe the federal budget is of more importance to our government than the education of citizens, which is the only way we get knowledgeable citizens to run our government. Supporting Factor of Finances Spent on Public Education Nearly half of the K-12 education funding in the United States is intended to come from the states, drawn from a combination of income taxes, fees, and other taxes. This is why the public finances contribute to education, because without these funds the educational systems of each state would fail to exist. As an overall share of the total federal budget, federal spending on elementary and secondary education programs through the U.S. Department of Education account for less than three percent of the total federal budget. In the annual appropriations process, elementary and secondary education funding accounts for about five percent of discretionary funding across all federal programs. Early school funding litigation efforts generally focused on education equity, which sought the same level of per-pupil funding for every student in the state. Since the late 1980s, litigation has focused more on education adequacy, which seeks funding levels necessary to ensure that every student rece ives an adequate education. Defining what constitutes an adequate education as well as what resources are necessary to provide that level of education, have been central questions in the litigation (School Finance). For the past several years, we have been living through the most severe recession since the Great Depression, which has affected public education, not just through cuts to core programs, but through job losses that destabilize students families, cuts to other critical services that the communities depend on, and stress that pulls at the social fabric that unites us. Public Education is a public responsibility and must be a public trust. As used here, the term public education means education that is publicly financed, tuition- free, accountable to public authorities, and accessible to all students. It covers various types of public schools, including traditional schools, charter and magnet schools, vocational schools, and alternative schools. During the 1960s and 70s, th e federal government enacted a series of laws aimed at improving education for poor children, migrant children, students with disabilities, Native Americans, limited-English proficient children, and women and girls. These laws brought additional funding to public schools, along with new requirements to meet the special needs of particular groups of students. In recent years, the emphasis of state and federal reforms has shifted to improving public education for allstudents. The No Child Left Behind Act requires public schools to steadily raise achievement and to close the test score gaps that exist for minority, poor, and special needs students until one hundred percent of United States students are performing at the same high level. Schools that fall short of these goals must undergo a series of interventions. In summary, the growth of public education during the past two centuries has been fueled by high ideals about advancing the common good, but the realities of public schools h ave sometimes failed to live up to these ideals (Kober, 2007). Most taxpayers provide this subsidy because public education in their eyes is crucial to forming the public good. It prevents poverty as well as decreases the crime rate, and prepares young people for the work force, and fosters social mobility. The United States has changed dramatically since the early debates on the role of public schools and the role of the federal government in supporting and sustaining them. The importance of education for the common good has shifted from primarily local control to state and national control, with national attention from the Federal government and national organizations. Studies have shown that twenty five percent of most state budgets contribute to educational funding (Jenkins and Hill, 2011). States are one of the main funders of the nations public elementary and secondary schools, which provide grants to local school districts where entities are responsible for administering scho ols. However, the federal government provides only about ten percent of public school revenues. Although the funding numbers have increased, there is still a lack of federal dollars relating to the opposing factors. Opposing Factors of Finances Spent on Public Education Americans spend more to educate their children than the citizens of most other countries; in fact, only Norway spends more per capita on education. Yet when it comes to student performance, the United States ranks no better than average, resting directly in the middle of the pack of developed nations. Rising government debts and lack of improved student performance have led some to call for cutbacks in school funding. In recent years, skyrocketing state and federal debt levels have led some politicians to support cuts in the educational budget. Conservative politicians have vowed to eliminate the Department of Education ever since its creation, arguing that schooling is an issue for states and local governments to handle, and that tax dollars could be better spent elsewhere. Another strategy aimed at reducing government spending is the restriction of public employee union rights, particularly those of teachers unions. In 2011, Wisconsin governor Scott Walker introduced a bill that so ught to eliminate the right of teachers and other public employees to collectively bargain for their salary and benefits. This was presented as a way to reduce state costs and to help close the budget gap. Critics of the current public school system have argued that, despite massive education spending in recent decades, public schools are doing a progressively worse job of educating American children. For example, Washington, DC, boasts one of the highest per-student school funding rates, yet scores below average on student performance. Public school advocates point out that much of the current spending in the public school system goes toward administrative costs; if the federal and state governments reduced the number of regulations and policies that school districts are forced to follow, they assert, the money saved could be spent on improving the teacher-to-student ratio and purchasing necessary classroom supplies such as textbooks-areas proven to directly impact student performa nce (Gale, 2015). Assessment of Supporting and Opposing Sides of Public Education Funding In my research, I found that both of the supporting and opposing sides have arguable factors to their belief in whether or not public financing through the government is relevant and helpful in education. I believe that while both sides do show factual proof of evidence, I agree that finances should be used in the budgeting process of the government and states for education. Each citizen should be given full advantage of an education to broaden their future regardless of their financial situation. As the schooling systems receive funds, this allows an opportunity for supplies as well as facilities to be created and purchased to hold schooling and educational opportunities. The supporting and opposing factors are a result in the expenditures of tax dollars and revenues, which creates the combustion between the two parties. While it is hard to provide whether one argument trumps another, I feel that the supporting factors of government spending on education are pertinent to myself. Pub lic education specifically relates to myself because if it were not for the opportunity to receive a free education through my local government, my parents would not have obtained the ability to send me to receive a higher education; college. Also, in the supporting factors is stated the factual evidence that education improves the communities as well as lowers things such as crime rates which is of importance to our common wealth and good. The federal and state debt levels have led to politicians deceiving beliefs in education as well as their support in reducing the federal budget for them. This has led to controversy about whether the issue should be left to state and local or federal government when it comes to the financial standpoint. If education is what entails a citizen being equipped for their desired field, then I do not see why limiting the money for a skill needed for employment would even be an option. If the federal government is limited in the education department, t hen that includes the omission of federal student loans to only private loans. Federal government has to rebuild their education funding. Conclusion As the federal debt is increasing, I agree that the federal government has to budget accordingly in the educational department. In suggestion, federal loans for education should be limited, which would reduce the amount of college debt in America, which has recently exceeded the amount borrowed on credit cards. As there is much insight to what should occur in the governments action, opinions of citizens persist. It is made clear in the arguments that government funds are needed in order for education to occur as the state funding and grants are not enough. Education is important for all citizens because even the intelligent kids should be given the opportunity to receive a diploma in order to share their ideas in corporations or even a government position in their future. As there is the opposing factor that although all these funds poor into the school systems of lower level income areas, the testing scores still remain low which cause confrontation between the supporting and opposi ng parties. This occurs in every school system, as there are students with lower motivation in private schooling where their education is paid for by their parents and not the government. Government funds are also used to provide an income for what I think is one of the most important occupations in the United States, which is the career of teaching. Teachers often use their own funds to provide school materials, or to make the classroom environment more collaborative and energetic for students, but they are argued against as some citizens think they should no receive pay. While much of a schools budget is believed to be spent on the administration, there are other things that play into the factor of finances such as the cost of a new gymnasium facility to keep the students healthy, art room and supplies to allow creativity, books for the knowledge and development of the brain, as well as a playground for the enjoyment of being a kid. A parent with three children and a $20,000 salar y per year should not have to fight for their child a free education just because of their circumstances. I believe that government should require the local and state governments to pour their tax dollars into an education because it overall creates a better place. Public Finance plays into the issue because the collection of taxes is used for the public good in which this case, the public educate is the good. I am in support of government financial support in funding education, and firmly believe that it distributes good to our society through its outcome. References (2016, September 26). Speak Your Mind: Challenges Facing Higher Education. Retrieved March  08, 2017, from https://publicadministrationreview.org/speak-your-mind-challenges-facing-higher-education/ (2006, April 27). An American imperative: Public education. Retrieved March 06, 2017, from  http://www.centerforpubliceducation.org/Main-Menu/Public-education/An-American-imperative-Public-education School Finance. (n.d.). Retrieved March 06, 2017, from  http://www.edcentral.org/edcyclopedia/school-finance/ Kober, N. (2007). Why We Still Need Public Schools. Retrieved from  http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED503799.pdf Jenkins, C. J., Hill, M. H. (2011). Role Of Federal Government In Public Education: Historical Perspectives. Retrieved March 06, 2017, from  http://lwv.org/content/role-federal-government-public-education%C2%A0-historical-perspectives Gale (2015). School Funding. Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, Accessed 6, Mar. 2017. Retrieved from Opposing Viewpoints in Context,  link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/PC3010999078/OVIC?u=uscaikenxid=48e25cca.

Crime And Punishment :: essays research papers

â€Å"Raskolnikov, Why’d you do it?†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The character Raskolnikov in the novel Crime and Punishment is among one of the most realistic and believable characters I have ever read about. He is also the most confusing and distraught man I have been introduced to this entire year. Raskolnikov possesses the most varying personality imaginable and this makes the reasoning behind his actions a mystery, especially in the case of the murder. Determining the rationale in killing the old pawnbroker is a complex process that necessitates deep thought from the reader. It is also a difficult point to argue because Dostoevsky’s novel is so intensely detailed that different readers can emphasize different aspects of the book in order to attempt to explain Raskolnikov’s deeds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guilt as well as intellectual reasoning prove to be the main motivating factors behind the crime of Raskolnikov. Throughout the novel his actions are usually a result of his striking intelligence or his tormenting conscience, or in the situation of the murder, both. Raskolnikov’s idea to kill the old pawnbroker stems from a theory he was developing. It was probable that during his studies at the university he was aquatinted with the popular philosophies of two German thinkers of the time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of these philosophers is George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, who had formulated a conception of an exceptional individual he called a â€Å"superman†. Hegel’s superman exists for good purposes. He stands above and beyond the ordinary man and works for the good of all men. The most controversial part of this superman theory that Raskolnikov obviously adopts is the Machiavellian belief that the end justifies the mean. This means that anything that could have a beneficial outcome for many should be considered regardless of the sacrifice of the few. If the intent is noble the method will be justified. According to Hegel, any damaging part of a community should be removed, and one tiny crime will be wiped clean by the good deeds that occur because of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another prevalent German theorist was Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche who had a differing opinion of the superman. His idea was that the superman does not live for benefit of society, but instead for his own personal satisfaction. Nobility never prompts any of his aims. Nietzsche was a devout atheist who believed that either no God exists or that He was dead, so his superman is a man who, without fear of God, exerts his own desires completely.

Developing Brand Positioning Strategy for Canadian Club

Developing Brand Positioning Strategy for Canadian Club Whiskey [pic] Developing branding strategy for Canadian Club A. Assess and fully critique the success of Canadian Club’s repositioning strategies used in the case. Use brand theories and concepts to evaluate the company’s branding strategies listed in the case. According to Keller(1993) the effective brand positioning gives a brand a competitive advantage or â€Å"unique selling proposition† that determines a reason why consumers are buying this product or service (Keller, 1993).Similarly, Kay (2004) argues that brand’s strength depends on its successful positioning within consumers’ mind. Furthermore, it is claimed that strong brands should possess â€Å"difference† and â€Å"consistency†, however the difference should be meaningful for consumers. In the case of Canadian Club whisky it aimed to differentiate its quality and uniqueness through exciting advertising campaigns such a s â€Å"Adventure Series†, â€Å"Hide A Case†, â€Å"CC Find-A-Case Challenge† or â€Å"Damn Right Your Dad Drank It†. Also, Keller (1993) claims that brand knowledge consists of brand awareness and perceived brand image among consumers.Brand image is further divided into favourability, strength and uniqueness of brand associations. Therefore, in the case of Canadian Club a brand image is conveyed through unique and distinctive experiences that consumers associate with a brand. For example, introduction of â€Å"Adventure Series† advertising campaign in 1920s aimed to increase CC’s global sales whilst showcasing print ads of travellers going to remote locations all over the world and performing brave actions. After that they were relaxing with a glass of CC.As a result a brand’s image is distinctive from the category as it appeals to its target audience as a unique and exclusive drink associated with adventures. Also, it benefits cons umer experientially. In addition, Keller (1993) claims that developing a brand equity requires four value stages: marketing program investment, customer mind-set, market performance and shareholder value (Keller, 1993). Furthermore, marketing program should be clear, relevant, distinctive and consistent throughout all the marketing communications.For example, CC introduced â€Å"Hide-A-Case† campaign in 1967 which aimed to challenge drinkers to search for bottles of Canadian Club kept hidden at remote locations all over the world. CC cases were hidden in places such as the Swiss Alps (Switzerland), Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania), Angel Falls (Venezuela) etc. Therefore, the campaign was interactive and engaging which is another distinctiveness for the category. Also, the campaign was communicated through the hints of where to find CC cases published in magazine ads or sport pages in daily newspapers.Therefore, it was relevant for targeted audience and consistent throughout all the communications. Other campaigns involved â€Å"CC Find-A-Case Challenge†(1981) and â€Å"Find A Case Challenge†(2004) which were similar to earlier launched â€Å"Hide-A-Case† campaign, however CC cases were hidden in locations such as in Death Valley in California, on top of a skyscraper in New York City, etc. Also, the campaign involved a form of contest where teams were participating in 7 different fun-filled events or games assessing their physical and mental skills like CC Poker Run, Roll the Barrel, CC Hockey Challenge etc.The winning team was awarded of US 10000. Hence, all these campaigns were interactive, engaging and communicating brand’s uniqueness and exclusivity to the target audience. However, due to failure to address declining sales in 1990s the company had to develop new repositioning strategy for a brand. Therefore, they launched â€Å"Damn Right Your Dad Drank It† campaign aiming to expand their target audience into young male d rinkers. The campaign was based on nostalgia branding concept. According to Kay (2006) reviving brands is a viable strategy.Furthermore, it is claimed that retro branding or nostalgia branding is where perception towards brand depends upon consumers’ nostalgic leanings can be a powerful management option (Kay, 2006). Similarly, Kessous and Roux (2002) argue that nostalgia can be used to reposition company’s product in the market and differentiate it through creating emotional appeals to the consumers of their past experiences (Kessous, 2002). Therefore, nostalgia is defined as a preference towards objects (people, places or things) which were common when one was younger.The nostalgia can be further classified into â€Å"first-time nostalgia† and â€Å"long-standing nostalgia†. However, nostalgia branding is usually used within confectionary or sweets market which is why pursuing this type of strategy for Canadian Club whisky was criticised as being risky. Furthermore, whisky category itself is viewed as drinks for mature and old consumers and there was a threat to strengthen this image even more whilst using nostalgia branding. However, the campaign succeeded as it was relevant to the target audience (young males) and consistent to its brand image as it provoked masculinity and stylishness.Also, it was consistent through all the marketing communications such as billboards, point-of-sale items, radio advertising, out-of-home advertising, in-market events, and experiential elements. In addition it was distinctive to the usual category’s advertising campaigns that usually consisted of stereotyped â€Å"sex sells† ads playing on hot chicks and smoking’ bods or â€Å"James Bond† appeal. Finally, the brand’s image and values were clearly communicated through the campaign. Therefore, nostalgia branding enabled company to reposition itself from being an exclusive and sophisticated drink into more of a mass market product.Finally, Shamma (2011) claims that total brand equity consists of product and corporate brand equity which depends on company’s market, social and financial performance. Furthermore, there is a positive relationship between company’s corporate brand and socially responsible marketing and total brand equity (Shamma, 2011). Similarly, Grace and King (2011) talks about employee brand equity, which is the result of positive and productive employee brand-related behaviour and is strongly linked with brand’s strength (Grace and King, 2011).In contrast, Kay (2004) argues that corporate branding differs from product and service branding as it is aimed at different target audiences. For instance, corporate branding usually targets company’s shareholders and employees whereas product and service branding is focused on consumers who are not really interested in corporate brand identity (Kay, 2004). However, it is also claimed that some companies, esp ecially those that started as niche businesses that appealed to small segments of socially conscious customers succeeded in creating strong and distinctive corporate brands.Referring to CC and Jim Beam corporation consumers are not that concerned about company’s overall image, however introduction of corporate social responsibility and socially responsible marketing could enhance employees’ satisfaction and therefore employee brand equity. B. You have assumed the role of, Brand Manager for Canadian Club. Develop a brand positioning plan to strengthen the Canadian Club brand for the next three years (2014-2017). Suggest a variety of branding strategies that are appropriate for the brand’s identity and target market.Use current research about the brand and the whiskey industry prior to answering this part of the assignment. Use theory to justify your arguments! Canadian Club whiskey belongs to UK spirits market which was estimated to be worth ? 11. 09 bn. at curre nt prices in 2011 (Keynote, 2012). The UK spirits and liquors market is expected to grow by 16. 4% reaching a value of ? 13. 42bn in 2016. Thus, there is an opportunity for Canadian Club to further increase and strengthen its share of market. Canadian Club whiskey is a prestigious brand owned by Beam Global Spirits & Wine Corporation which is US-based company.It also owns brands such as Jim Beam, Courvoisier and Tequila Sauza. Since 1920s Canadian Club differentiated itself as a high quality, exclusive whisky offering experiential experience for its drinkers. Its current target market is those from legal drinking age to 34, however company is looking forward to strengthen its appeal among younger consumers in order to capture their life-time loyalty (Twiss, 2012). Referring to its main competitors the direct competitors are Diageo’s Johnnie Walker scotch whiskey and Jack Daniels â€Å"Tennessee Whiskey†.Diageo is a leading distiller which currently owns more than 35% o f the spirits and liquors market globally and is expanding to emergent markets such as India and Asia (BBC, 2013). It also owns brands such as Smirnoff Vodka and Gordon’s Gin. Furthermore, Scotch whiskey is the leader of whiskey category in UK and worldwide and its exports were worth ? 4. 23bn in 2011 (BBC, 2013). However, there is an increasing trend among younger consumers to choose vodka and other â€Å"white† spirits to mix them in their cocktails.Therefore, in order to sustain and increase its market share Canadian Club needs to tackle competition arousing not only from â€Å"dark† spirits but also from â€Å"white† spirits such as vodka, rum, gin etc. Referring to category’s recent adverts Johnnie Walker Scotch whisky (Diageo) launched a new global advertising campaign in September 2012 entitled â€Å"Where Flavour is a King†. The campaign uses facebook application to educate users about different flavours that make up each Johnnie Wal ker label (MarketingWeek, 2012).Meanwhile, Jack Daniels â€Å"Tennessee Whiskey† has recently introduced their â€Å"Legend† campaign where it is positioned as a whiskey of â€Å"Rock & Roll† era (International Business Times, 2013). On the other hand, Canadian Club recently introduced its â€Å"Beer fairies† campaign in Australia featuring unattractive beer drinker possessing all the negative traits associated with beer drinking. The campaign seeks to position CC as a refreshing alternative through the use of parody and provocative advertising (Campaign Brief, 2012).Furthermore, it introduced â€Å"Join the Club† campaign where company’s CEO is represented as a brand ambassador and is sharing his â€Å"Whiskey wisdoms† with consumers about masculinity and manhood. It is evident that several classic liquor companies have been recently using manly images in order to appeal to growing macho men population. For instance, John Jameson and its campaign â€Å"legend of John Jameson† with images of its founder arm-wrestling or Canadian Wiser’s whiskey and its â€Å"Wiserhood† campaign featuring a â€Å"society of uncompromising men† who applaud any man who resists an occasion that threatens his manhood (Krashinsky, 2012).Also, many of spirits and liquor companies are incorporating social media when creating a branding strategy in order to target younger and more affluent audience. For instance, Canadian Club whiskey fans are encouraged to share their â€Å"Whiskey Wisdoms† on facebook in order to get an access to exclusive content, invitations to local events and wisdom (Lukovitz, 2012,). Similarly, Smirnoff promoted its Vodka Ice drink through social media whilst encouraging fans to participate in a drinking game and share experiences and photos on facebook page.According to Avery and Fournier (2011) open source branding is a new concept in marketing where a â€Å"brand is embedded in a cultural conversation such that consumers gain an equal, if not greater, say than marketers in what the brand looks like and how it behaves† (Fournier, 2011, pp. 194). It is enabled through social media technologies such as blogging, video sharing, social bookmarking, social networking, and community platforms (Fournier, 2011).Furthermore, it is evident that engaging with the â€Å"right† individuals through social media platforms can help to promote word-of-mouth for a brand, spread brand knowledge, generate sales and increase return on investment (Kumar, 2012). However, since the marketers do not have so much control on the overall brand’s image in open source branding social media can also have a negative impact on brand’s equity.Therefore, it is claimed that when incorporating social media in their marketing activities companies should take into consideration four powerful and challenging Web-enabled themes: The Age of the Social Collective, The A ge of Transparency, The Age of Criticism, and The Age of Parody (Fournier, 2011). Referring to social collectiveness it is evident that online communities provide an opportunity for in-depth discussion of shared interests among consumers, therefore strengthening group bonds. Also, some of the companies developed their business models based on social collectiveness concept.For instance, Groupon offers a variety of daily deals for restaurants, spas, massages and other activities for its members but offers are valid only if enough people sign up to receive them (Fournier, 2011). The Age of Transparency and The Age of Criticism claim that due to significant technology changes the news and opinions about particular brand spread very fast and can have a significant impact on brand equity (Fournier, 2011). For instance, due to transparency BP recently experienced a fiasco with its leaking Deepwater Horizon oil rig.The news had a significant impact on negative brand’s reputation as B P was pursuing an image of the environmentally-friendly petroleum company and was developing activities to strengthen this image. Similarly, there is a power of disappointed company’s internal employees revealing market’s and firm’s secrets to a wider public that can damage company’s image. Criticism enabled through social media technologies can also have a great impact on company’s brand equity even if a small number of consumers is complaining. For instance, when introduced its new product formulation called Dry Max,Pampers had to deal with a negative impact arousing from consumers who claimed that a product caused diaper rash and was not suitable for consumers. Finally, The Age of Parody refers to online users’ view of social media being a pastime or a source of entertainment. Therefore, it is not surprising that many companies are trying to grab consumers’ attention through creating funny and interactive campaigns that go viral. H owever, the difficulty is to evaluate the impact and reach of these campaigns. Another recent trend in social media applications is mobile marketing and mobile social media.With increasingly powerful mobile devices, many social media applications have gone mobile in order to reach customer instantly without any time or location limitations (Kaplan, 2012). Thus, mobile marketing is defined as â€Å"any marketing activity conducted through a ubiquitous network to which consumers are constantly connected using a personal mobile device† (Kaplan, 2012, pp. 130). In contrast, mobile social media is defined as a â€Å"group of mobile marketing applications that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content† (Kaplan, 2012, pp. 31). It is also claimed that mobile social media applications can be classified according to users’ time and location sensitivity. For example, quick-timers involve transfer of traditional social media applications to mobile devices to increase immediacy such as posting Twitter messages or Facebook status updates. In contrast, space-timers involve exchange of messages with relevance for one specific location at one specific point-in time, for example Facebook places, Foursquare and Gowalla.Space-timers are the most sophisticated form of mobile social marketing applications as user’s participation does not primarily depend on user’s monetary motivation. According to the theory the increasing willingness to check in certain locations through Foursquare can be explained through self-presentation and self-disclosure concepts, and impulsiveness theory which claims that individuals often struggle between displaying long-term control and giving into short-term temptations (Kaplan, 2012).Therefore, lots of companies are collaborating with Foursquare to promote their sales and discounts, develop relationships and loyalty programs. Furthermore, it is estimated that by 2020 a mobile device will be the primary Internet connection tool for most people in the world (Kaplan, 2010). However, when integrating mobile social marketing applications companies should also make sure that it is integrated into the lives of consumers, offered activities or promotions are individualized according to each user’s preferences and interests and users are involved through engaging in conversations.Otherwise, it can become intrusive, annoying and threaten personal privacy. Nevertheless, mobile marketing provides high rate of personalisation, interactivity, low cost of reaching large audience at the right time at the right place, immediate, one-to-one communication, does not depend on time and space etc. Hence, followed the benefits of increased brand awareness and sales through social media and mobile social marketing applications here are proposed brand positioning strategies for Canadian Club 2014-201 Strategy OneFirstly, a new brand positioning campaign called â€Å"Canadian Club-Unexceptional Qua lity† will be launched in September 2014. A campaign will focus on promoting major brand’s assets quality and exclusivity in order to capture wider audience. The main company’s strategy will be to use facebook application to educate users of brand’s quality and suitability for various occasions in order to increase the usage. It will involve posts of various taglines such as â€Å"There’s no better way to impress a woman than†¦ Canadian Club-Unexceptional Quality† or â€Å"To be well groomed is an exception†¦Canadian Club is Unexceptional! † in order to strengthen marketing communications message. The campaign is also going to encourage users to post and share photos of various occasions when CC can be consumed. This way brand tries to engage with audience whilst suggesting that CC is not only old men drink and can be consumed during various occasions. Additionally, in order to boost users’ confidence and strengthen th e relation between brand’s image and quality the campaign will provide tips on their facebook page for exclusive Canadian Club consumers of how to best dress up when drinking Canadian Club.These tips will only be accessed if users liked a page. This campaign’s aim is to engage users in open and active conversations about the brand and its quality, as well as increase awareness. The campaign will be supported by billboards, radio and youtube videos. Strategy Two Secondly, since company aims to target younger audience in order to capture their life-time loyalty the use of mobile social marketing is essential. Therefore, it is suggested to develop a mobile application that either engages, interacts or benefits consumer.Furthermore, many of the companies nowadays collaborates with mobile social media applications such as Foursquare in order to generate users’ word-of-mouth, facilitate sales promotions and discounts or develop relationships through loyalty programs. Hence, Canadian Club will use foursquare website to promote brand’s image and increase sales. Therefore, users will be encouraged to check-in at five high class luxurious bars, restaurants or hotels listed on Canadian Club’s foursquare web page in order to get a 40% discount for a suit for upcoming occasion from a local high quality retailer.The check-ins should be followed by user’s comment about Canadian Club’s exceptional quality and shared on facebook with his friends. The number of discounts will be limited and the promotion campaign will run until all the discounts will be given away. Users will be updated of the remaining promotions on Canadian Club’s facebook page and personally reminded how many more locations they need to check-in if entered a competition. The campaign firstly will be tested in US and then adopted in emerging markets such as India, China, Russia. Some adjustments will be made if needed to adapt to local market. Conclusion sFor decades Canadian Club whiskey was known for its exclusivity and unexceptional quality. A brand always tried to differentiate itself from competitors whilst launching various interactive and exciting advertising campaigns that were unusual and innovative for the category. Therefore, when suggesting different brand positioning strategies for 2014-2017 Canadian Club should remain enforcing its distinctive image and promoting high quality in the market. Hence, a number of social media and mobile social marketing strategies were suggested in order to capture younger users’ attention and build life-time loyalty towards the brand.For instance, the use of facebook application to educate users about Canadian Club’s high quality and suitability for various occasions is suggested, which will increase brand’s awareness whilst engaging in users’ conversations and encouraging them to share comments and photos. Also, due to increasing number of mobile applicationsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ users and forecasts of mobile phone becoming as a primary internet connection tool marketers should pay a great attention into mobile social media marketing when developing a brand positioning plan.Therefore, a Canadian Club’s collaboration with Foursquare website was advised in order to grab consumers’ attention, spread word-of-mouth and increase sales whilst asking users to check in at 5 high class listed locations to get a 20% discount for a high quality suit from a local retailer. Overall, both of these strategies will allow Canadian Club to position itself as high quality and suitable for various occasions drink among younger consumers and will help to achieve a competitive advantage through the use of mobile social marketing. References E-jounals: Fournier, S. , 2011.The uninvited brand. Business Horizons, [Online]. 54, 193-207. Available at:http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0007681311000024  [Accessed 02 March 2013] Kaplan, A. M. , 20 10. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, [Online]. 53, 59-68. Available at:http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0007681309001232  [Accessed 03 March 2013] Kaplan, A. M. , 2012. If you love something, let it go mobile: Mobile marketing and mobile social media 4Ãâ€"4. Business Horizons, [Online]. 55, 129-139. Available at:http://www. ciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0007681311001558  [Accessed 06 March 2013]. Kay, M. J. , 2006. Strong brands and corporate brands. European Journal of Marketing, [Online]. 40, issue 7, 742-760. Available at:  http://www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? articleid=1562577&show=abstract[Accessed 11 March 2013] Keller, K. L. , 1993. Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Managing Csutomer-Based Brand Equity. Journal of Marketing, [Online]. 57, 1-22. Available at:  http://www. jstor. org/stable/1252054? seq=2&uid=3738032&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21101887384081  [Accessed 12 March 20 13] Kessous, A. , 2008.A semiotic analysis of Nostalgia as a connection to the past. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, [Online]. 11, issue 2, 192-212. Available at:http://www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? articleid=1718576&show=abstract  [Accessed 11 March 2013] King, C. , 2011. Employee brand equity: Scale development and validation. Journal of Brand Management, [Online]. 19, issue 4, 268-288. Available at:  http://www. palgrave-journals. com/bm/journal/v19/n4/abs/bm201144a. html  [Accessed 14 March 2013] Kumar, V. , 2012. Increasing the ROI of Social Media Marketing. MITSloan Management Review, [Online]. 4, issue 1, 55-61. Available at:  http://scholar. google. co. uk/scholar? q=Increasing+the+ROI+of+Social+media+Marketing&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_vis=1  [Accessed 03 March 2013]. Shamma, H. M. , 2011. Integrating Product and Corporate Brand Equity into Total Brand Equity Measurement. International Journal of Marketing Studies, [Online]. 3, i ssue 1, 11-17. Available at:http://scholar. google. co. uk/scholar? q=Integrating+Product+and+Corporate+Brand+Equity+into+Total+Brand+Equity+Measurement&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_vis=1[Accessed 14 March 2013] Websites and Industry Reports: Campaign Brief. 2012.Canadian Club hires comic legend John Cleese to poke fun at ‘beer fairies' in new campaign set to launch tomorrow via The Works, Sydney. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www. campaignbrief. com/2012/04/canadian-club-hires-comedian-j. html. [Accessed 05 March 13] Fraser, D. 2013. How Scotch whisky conquered the world. BBC News. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/uk-scotland-20946411. [Accessed 15 March 13] Joseph, S. 2013. Johnnie Walker launches first umbrella brand campaign. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www. marketingweek. co. uk/news/johnnie-walker-preps-umbrella-brand-campaign/4003702. article. Accessed 11 March 13] Key Note (2012) Spirits and Liquors Market 2012. Hampton: Key Note Krashinsky, S. 2012. M ustache marketing: Selling ‘whisky wisdom’ to younger drinkers. [ONLINE] Available at:  http://m. theglobeandmail. com/report-on-business/industry-news/marketing/mustache-marketing-selling-whisky-wisdom-to-younger-drinkers/article5508749/? service=mobile. [Accessed 05 March 13] Lukovitz, K. 2012. Canadian Club Intros â€Å"Join the Club† Campaign. Marketing Daily. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www. mediapost. com/publications/article/188057/canadian-club-intros-join-the-club-campaign. html#axzz2O2P5U9uX. [Accessed 14 March 13]

Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Biography

Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Biography Occupation:  orator; labor organizer, IWW organizer; socialist, communist; feminist; ACLU founder; first woman to head the American Communist Party Dates:  August 7, 1890 - September 5, 1964 Also Known as:  Rebel Girl of Joe Hills song Quotable Quotes: Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Quotes Early Life Elizabeth Gurley Flynn was born in 1890 in Concord, New Hampshire. She was born into a radical, activist, working-class intellectual family: her father was a socialist and her mother a feminist and Irish nationalist. The family moved to the South Bronx ten years later, and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn attended public school there. Socialism and the IWW Elizabeth Gurley Flynn became active in socialist groups and gave her first public speech when she was 15, on Women under Socialism. She also began making speeches for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, or Wobblies) and was expelled from high school in 1907. She then became a full-time organizer for the IWW. In 1908, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn married a miner she met while traveling for the IWW, Jack Jones. Their first child, born in 1909, died shortly after birth; their son, Fred, was born the next year. But Flynn and Jones had already separated. They divorced in 1920. In the meantime, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn continued to travel in her work for the IWW, while her son often stayed with her mother and sister. Italian anarchist Carlo Tresca moved into the Flynn household as well; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and Carlo Trescas affair lasted until 1925. Civil Liberties Before World War I, Flynn was involved in the cause of free speech for IWW speakers, and then in organizing strikes, including those of textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts, and Paterson, New Jersey. She was also outspoken on womens rights including birth control, and joined the Heterodoxy Club. When World War I started, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and other IWW leaders opposed the war. Flynn, like many other war opponents at that time, was charged with espionage. The charges were eventually dropped, and Flynn picked up the cause of defending immigrants who were being threatened with deportation for opposing the war. Among those she defended were  Emma Goldman  and Marie Equi. In 1920, Elizabeth Gurley Flynns concern for these basic civil liberties, especially for immigrants, led her to help found the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). She was elected to the groups national board. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn was active in raising support and money for Sacco and Vanzetti, and she was active in trying to free labor organizers Thomas J. Mooney and Warren K. Billings. From 1927 to 1930 Flynn chaired the International Labor Defense. Withdrawal, Return, Expulsion Elizabeth Gurley Flynn was forced out of activism not by government action, but by ill health, as heat disease weakened her. She lived in Portland, Oregon, with Dr. Marie Equi, also of the IWW and a supporter of the birth control movement. She remained a member of the ACLU board during these years. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn returned to public life after some years, joining the American Communist Party in 1936. In 1939, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn was re-elected to the ACLU board, having informed them of her membership in the Communist Party before the election. But, with the Hitler-Stalin pact, the ACLU took a position expelling supporters of any totalitarian government, and expelled Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and other Communist Party members from the organization. In 1941, Flynn was elected to the Communist Partys Central Committee, and the next year she ran for Congress, stressing womens issues. World War II and Aftermath During World War II, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn advocated womens economic equality and supported the war effort, even working for Franklin D. Roosevelts reelection in 1944. After the war ended, as anti-communist sentiment grew, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn again found herself defending free speech rights for radicals. In 1951, Flynn and others were arrested for conspiracy to overthrown the United States government, under the Smith Act of 1940. She was convicted in 1953 and served her prison term in Alderson Prison, West Virginia, from January 1955 to May 1957. Out of prison, she returned to political work. In 1961, she was elected National Chairman of the Communist Party, making her the first woman to head that organization. She remained chairman of the party until her death. For a long time a critic of the USSR and its interference in the American Communist Party, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn traveled to the USSR and Eastern Europe for the first time. She was working on her autobiography. While in Moscow, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn was stricken ill, her heart failing, and she died there. She was given a state funeral in Red Square. Legacy In 1976, the ACLU restored Flynns membership posthumously. Joe Hill write the song Rebel Girl in honor of Elizabeth Gurley Flynn. By Elizabeth Gurley Flynn: Women in the War. 1942. Womens Place in the Fight for a Better World. 1947. I Speak My Own Piece: Autobiography of the Rebel Girl. 1955. The Rebel Girl: An Autobiography: My First Life (1906-1926). 1973.

Free Essays on Sally Hemings

Roderick Jackson African American Studies Sally Hemings Life with Thomas Jefferson The documentary on Sally Hemings was interesting. Sally’s life and the relation ship with Thomas Jefferson was even intriguing and interesting life. Some may say she was lucky and some may say she was not treated fair enough. Sally was not a normal slave she had benefits that a normal slave wouldn’t have. Sally also had a relationship with Thomas Jefferson. Sally also had kids in which they had a better chance at life than she did. Sally was not a normal slave. It is true that she was owned by Thomas Jefferson who gave Sally certain privileges that normal slaves didn’t have. When Sally was younger she had a chance to go to London. Sally was more of a servant than a slave; she did more work around the house than out in a field. Even though Sally had been freed but did not leave Virginia, instead she stayed and took care of her children and the law at that time stated that once a slave is freed then they must leave within a year.... Free Essays on Sally Hemings Free Essays on Sally Hemings Roderick Jackson African American Studies Sally Hemings Life with Thomas Jefferson The documentary on Sally Hemings was interesting. Sally’s life and the relation ship with Thomas Jefferson was even intriguing and interesting life. Some may say she was lucky and some may say she was not treated fair enough. Sally was not a normal slave she had benefits that a normal slave wouldn’t have. Sally also had a relationship with Thomas Jefferson. Sally also had kids in which they had a better chance at life than she did. Sally was not a normal slave. It is true that she was owned by Thomas Jefferson who gave Sally certain privileges that normal slaves didn’t have. When Sally was younger she had a chance to go to London. Sally was more of a servant than a slave; she did more work around the house than out in a field. Even though Sally had been freed but did not leave Virginia, instead she stayed and took care of her children and the law at that time stated that once a slave is freed then they must leave within a year....

Native american and the fur trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Native american and the fur trade - Essay Example It changed their way of life - the way they moved about, the way they hunted, the way war became easier due to their increased mobility, but more importantly the introduction of the horse gave Native Americans a new understanding to breed, raise, and train horses for trade to the "white man". This was something they could control. Colonial American was eager for more land and began to push westward. The flood of settlers pushing west was led first by "mountain men" - explores who first journeyed west and made contact with the plains Indians. The United States government had begun forcing tribes from the eastern portions of the United States to relocate west of the Mississippi River and later on reservations - designated land given to individual tribes. One of the things Native Americans soon discovered was that the Europeans loved fur and initially these "mountain men", but later entire fur trading companies were willing to trade guns and alcohol for pelts. Disease introduced to Native Americans had devastated the Indian population. Although diseases such as small pox killed thousands of Native Americans, the introduction of guns and alcohol had a longer lasting, damning effect on the Native American way of life. Changes from past altered their life forever.

Everybody loves Raymond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Everybody loves Raymond - Essay Example Ray’s parents Marie and Frank, are also part of this equation as they regularly disturb the couples in midst of this dilemma to cause havoc and chaos. In one episode, Ray asked Debra of he could allocate his funds in a go-kart track in which she said no. He goes and invests his money anyways without her approval. He eventually tells her, which makes her angry. As a result, he was forced to sleep downstairs in the sofa. These are problems that undoubtedly are prevalent in most American societies. The family dynamic in Everybody loves Raymond tries to imitate the typical American life during the 1900’s. Ray is the sole provider for his family as he is the â€Å"bread winner.† Consequently, his wife, follows the â€Å"cult of domesticity† as she cooks, cleans and takes care of the kids. This model illustrates the core American family values that existed within that time frame. The typical day in Ray’s family consists of him doing something extremely si lly. One of the most intriguing and a mishap stereotypes is the fact that something silly always happen. Ray will do something silly, which does not often occur in an American family system. Another major flaw is the fact that they live this almost perfect ideal life in which no big crisis occurs. Evidently, that does not hold true. In an American family, the husband or wife may cheat. ... The cultural values portrayed in this show are biased towards a traditional system. It does not depict the reality of the current American values in which both the husband and wife work. I would describe this family as a family that is always jolly and far from traditional. A more realistic approach is presented in 7th heaven show. The depiction of the family problems from my perspective, are very one-dimensional. Consequently, in 7th heaven, shows a more realistic view of a modern American family in which the son runs away or gets his girlfriend pregnant. Everybody loves Raymond is more conservat ive in that aspect that it only shows the ideal stereotypes of family that everyone possesses. Another key flaw in this television show is the fact that Ray is completely uninterested in his kids. While Deb and Ray are the focal point in the show, the kids are present to supplement the comedy that is prevalent in show. Ray tends to ignore his children for the majority of time and occasionally will glare at them to prove a certain point. Ray also wants to dominate his personality as a dad to prove â€Å"masculinity† so he can embed fear and make himself look better. Clearly, most couples that have kids are inclined to pay attention to their kids in a conventional model. From a modern perspective, I disagree with the family unit that is presented. The audience that is in Everybody loves Raymond was aimed for more baby boomers and not for the modern audience. In the modern world, the family unit is more complicated and vast. The dynamic family values that were presented and have drastically evolved. To certain extent, I think the family model is consistent compared to other TV channels.

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Marketing Management - Essay Example The company employs about 55,000 people in over 200 countries around the world. In India, Cadbury has been operating for more than 55 years as Cadbury’s India, a wholly owned subsidiary of Cadbury’s Schweppes. It has been ranked 5th in he FMCG sector in a survey conducted by Business World magazine (Scribd, 2009) In India, the company caters to three main segments: 1. Chocolates – Cadbury’s are the market leaders in India in this segment with over 70% market share. The leading brands in this category include the Dairy Milk, Crackle, Fruit & Nut, Temptations, 5 Star, Perk & Celebration Gift Boxes. The company has been able to change the cultural habits of the Indian that has traditional not eaten chocolates (Leahy, 2009). While the company has about 70% share of the chocolates market and about 15% of the food drinks market in India, as far as the sugar confectionery is concerned, Cadbury’s share is a mere 4% share in this category (Value Notes 2009). The sugar confectionery category contributes mere 12% to the company’s revenue and the company is not expecting any major success in the short run. Competitive brands such as Hershey’s of the US are tying up with well known brands such as Godrej in India (Gopalan, 2007). This would give tough competition to Cadbury’s. This report would evaluate the marketing mix of Cadbury’s in India and recommend the marketing mix to augment the sales of sugar confectionery in the Indian market. The confectionery industry is highly competitive in any market and each company has to compete with many multi-national, regional and national brands (Scribd, 2009). Competition revolves around taste, quality, price, packaging and advertising and promotional programs. Globally the chocolate confectionery market is very strong but the sugar confectionary market is fragmented. The Indian sugar confectionery market includes products such as sweets, jellies and

Life Function Essay Example for Free

Life Function Essay In many different types of health care settings there will be a chain of management and four major functions of management that will help the business flow smoothly in the right direction for the managed care of the patients that they will receive from the facility, and this structure will also allow the organization to grow as a team, and benefit the facility and the community at the same time in a cost effective way. This paper will identify the major functions, and how it applies to managing others, and it will also explain what the most important role for a health care manager and leader in the diversified health care industry. I will then give my opinion on what the most significant aspect related to health care management that I would like to gain by taking this course in my field of study. There are four major functions of management in a health care setting which are organizing, planning, controlling, leading and all managers on any type of level are responsible for following and achieving each function of management on a daily basis, and the first function of management that will be described is organizing. Organizing is a function of management that gives out job assignments and tasks, locating resources, make and coordinate the work for the people of the organization so that the plan can be implemented and followed through with. This function allows managers to dissect the inner side of the process and give input that will help form the nature of the facility, and the next function of management is planning. Planning is a function of management that goes through a process of making objectives for performance and deciding what steps should or should not be taken in order to achieve the goal of the employer and the employee at the same time. The manager’s job is to notice the accomplishment of the end work of the employee, make choices and decisions for the good of the company, and make a trail to be followed by other employees to steadily improve the goals of the organization, and the next function of management is controlling. Controlling is a function of management that focuses on work performance measurement, looking at the end results and seeing if it matches the objectives, and finally fixing any things that needs to be corrected before the final inspection of the finished product. A manager’s job in this function is to stay in direct contact with the employee’s throughout their work assignment, gather information and interpret performance reports, and the information is then used to plan constructive action and change. The last function of management to be discussed is leading. Leading is a function of management that focusses on exciting the enthusiasm of the employees so that they will work hard to succeed, and accomplish the tasks at hand. A manager’s job through this function is to continuously build commitments, encourage the activities of employee’s to help support the goals of the organization, and to influence the employee’s to do give their all and perform to the best of their ability on behalf of the organization which whom he or she works for, and all four of these functions of management help to run the organization on an everyday basis. Each of these four functions of management applies to managing employees within an organization through the structure each function provides in aiding to the development of the organization, the benefits of the employees, the structure and development of the facility, the service being provided and the community who all seek some type of service that this organization will provide. The most important role for a health care manger and leader in the diversified health care industry is to make sure the patient safety and health care needs are met, organize, plan, control, and lead the employees in their work responsibilities, and keep the company running effectively and comfortably for all people involved for the success of the organization. The most significant aspect related to health care management that I would like to gain by taking this course of study would be to learn the job of a health care professional, and a health care manager while being able to obtain clarity to each separate function and utilize both the experience and knowledge gained throughout my health care profession, and how to keep everyone involved an on track in the care of patients health within the organization. In conclusion the health care field has many steps it goes through on a daily basis so that the organization can function correctly and effectively. In this paper the four major functions of management have been identified, and applied to managing others in the industry, the most important role for a health care manager and leader in the diversified health care industry have been explained, and what the most significant aspect related to health care management that I want to gain in this course of study is.

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles On the 28th June 1919, Germany resentfully signed the most famous treaty ever, Versailles. Although years of readjusting the treaty followed, this essay will focus mainly on the strengths and weaknesses of the 440 articles in 1919. The Treaty followed a massive war, with huge human sacrifice. It was supposed to be the Treaty to end all wars and give security to the countries involved. The overwhelming task that laid ahead for Woodrow Wilson (America), Lloyd George (Great Britain), Clemenceau (France) and Orlando (Italy) was on a bigger scale than any previous delegates had had to deal with. One of the biggest interpreted weaknesses was the economics and reparations. Firstly, it highlighted the weaknesses of the delegates forming the Treaty, as they had to listen to public demand which had been exaggerated due to the scale and length of the war. An example was Lloyd George who was pressured from conservatives for harsh reparations, Geddes, a conservative politician hailed the words we shall squeeze the German lemon until the pips squeak.  [1]  Packer declared Lloyd George did not believe in harsh reparations  [2]  , but George added extras to the original reparations such as war pensions to please the conservatives because the original amount based on war damage gave Britain a very little. Kitchen showed and I agree that there was little Lloyd George could do about the situation as no politician would have survived if he had suggested that Germany should be forgiven.  [3]  However, Lentin disagreed, thinking that public opinion created pressure but had no imp act on the Treaty. He later contradicted himself by proclaiming that the one of the causes of the delay in announcing reparations because the delegates believed that the public would never be satisfied with the guaranteed amount.  [4]  Therefore, public opinion had to be acknowledged and satisfied to a certain extent. This meant the Treaty did not always accomplish what was needed such as lower reparations. The biggest weakness with the reparations was the total amount ( £600 million) Germany had to pay. Keynes, who scathingly criticised the Treaty of Versailles, heavily condemned the reparations as Britain depended on the revival of trade, especially with Germany,  [5]  but Germany needed to increase their exports and decrease their imports. This would decrease trade with Britain and lose Britain money. Feldman, although I disagree, supported Keynes believing that the economic and financial settlements were horrendous failures.  [6]  This was an extreme view and seemed to ignore the circumstances the delegates were dealing with. There were poor decisions but Feldman over-exaggerated. Nicolson argued that it was not excessively harsh economically to Germany.  [7]  However, although it was not excessively harsh, I believe it was too harsh for Germany to even begin to comprehend, especially when territory and economics are combined. Germany lost 13.5% of their territory incl uding 8% of German coal production. Germany lost 10% of her population as well as 1.7 million people in the war. Population creates manpower for industry. This might not seem a lot however, when you add  £600 million in reparations, the loss can seem great and perhaps the Treaty harsh. This shows another weakness of the Versailles Treaty, as no suitable amount for Germany to pay was reached discrediting the treaty. However it could be deemed an unavoidable weakness as the reparations were decreased in the 1920s but the Germans still felt it was unfair. Another weakness of the Treaty of Versailles was the disarmament hypocrisy. The League of Nations articles asserted that any discrepancies would be sorted through the League and not by war. Therefore there was no need for any country to have large armies; however Germany was forced to disarm to a 200,000 volunteer army, showing how the points were used selectively. During the revisionist period Germany complained about the unjust nature of disarmament. Therefore disarmament can be viewed as a weakness as it highlights the unjust part of the Treaty but it shows that Germany was always going to come back with revenge. Germany was unified in its pride in its military. Carr argued that Germanys rise in 1920s was inevitable as it was unreasonable to impose a position of permanent inferiority on a great power.  [8]  This was true, but unavoidable; France wanted to know that Germany could not attack them. However, if the hypocrisy previously mentioned did not exist, and everyone had dis armed, then the situation could have been different. Isolating Germany in disarmament and the League of Nations was a bad idea, as they used it as an excuse to break the Treaty later, which was one of the causes of the Second World War. The Treaty had the aim of prolonged peace, and the isolation through disarmament was one of the reasons it did not fulfil its aim. The failure of the League of Nations was a huge weakness; it failed because America, Russia and Germany were omitted. The League could not make decisions about the world without three of the most influential countries. The League was bypassed when Italy seized Corfu, causing embarrassment for the League as it showed a lack of power. The League might not have been certain to succeed, but if the League had put its countries beliefs behind, and the worldwide affairs first, it would not be deemed such a weakness. The League of Nations had strengths too, it was the first time the idea have been put into practise trying some ideologically and practically new to keep the peace worldwide. The League introduced medical measures that had not been in states before 1914. This was a very credible strength from the Treaty of Versailles. It really was evidence of the Versailles Treaty trying to keep prolonged peace. The compromises in the Treaty created strengths and weaknesses. These compromises had left historians to debate as to whether the Treaty would have been stronger if it had been harsher or softer. Marks perfectly described the Treaty as too soft to restrain Germanyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ yet too severe to be acceptable toGermans.  [9]  It was viewed too harsh in terms of reparations, disarmament and territory. The consequence of this was Germany convincing others it was too harsh bringing the revisionism viewpoint of the 1920s which had been adopted by Britain. Revisionism allowed the Germans to undo some of the Treatys main clauses such as self-determination, reparations and disarmament. Revisionism has been linked to the rise of Nazism and also the Second World War. The Versailles Treaty aimed to keep prolonged peace, the weakness of the compromise shows a failure of the Treaty. A soft treaty would have been impossible, the after war feeling was to enforce a vindictive peace to help res tore some of the hurt caused during the war that Germany was blamed for starting. However , it seemed that no matter how soft the Treaty would have been Germany would have wanted to change it. I agree with Kitchen that ultimately no amount of revision would have satisfied the Germans.  [10]   The strength of the Versailles Treaty compromises was that most of the clauses were very just, especially considering the circumstances. An example of this would be the Rhineland, France wanted to occupy it, however the other delegates knew that it would only cause outrage in Germany, and would strike revenge, therefore they created a compromise where the Rhineland would remain unoccupied and demilitarized. Another way to view the compromises as strength is looking at Germanys Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, an obviously overly harsh Treaty imposed on Russia after they withdrew from the war. This strength does not disregard mistakes in the compromises and in the Treaty; however it highlights that within the circumstances it was a commendable agreement. However, the strengths and weaknesses could be argued to be unavoidable. The Treaty regardless of its content was never going to last. Mattrl pointed out the undeniable point that before the ink had dried on the Treaty of Versailles, the move ment to destroy ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦had begun.  [11]  Therefore the weaknesses mentioned would not have been weaknesses had German accepted losing the war and the terms. The Treaty would not have been so heavily criticised and littered with failures if it had been enforced. The Treaty could have been successful but once the Treaty had been signed; the alliance had crumbled, worsened by different ideas on how to enforce the Treaty. France wanted to make sure the clauses were imposed on Germany as harsh as possible; however Britain began to revise the Treaty. Germany complained about the Treaty, believing it was unjust, when in reality it was mainly fair. For example, if disarmament had been enforced, Germany would not have been able to annex Czechoslovakia, which was a cause of the Second World War. Germany was also left to decide about whether they could afford the reparations, and obviously, as they did not want to have this article imposed on them, they often escaped doing it, to a standard that could easily create weaknesses in the Versailles Treaty. Marks correctly explained that the delegates erroneously believed that Germany would abide by thei r decisions,  [12]  this highlighted one of the many reasons why enforcement of the Treaty failed. Another reason for the lack of enforcement was that the allies were not loyal to each other; they just won the same war that they fought for different reasons. Therefore, the Treaty could be argued to have exposed weaknesses due to the lack of enforcement as opposed to the original articles. It can be argued that there are less strengths than weaknesses in the Treaty of Versailles but it is often forgotten that the biggest strength is far more significant than most of the weaknesses. The momentous task that lied ahead of the delegates was incomprehensible; 10 million people lost their lives alongside the new style of warfare. The war came to an abrupt end and there were complex issues alongside contradicting viewpoints. The short amount of time they had, and the amount they had to handle creates the strength as they were able to form a Treaty which although has been criticised with many weaknesses, also has commendable articles and decisions. It must never be forgotten that the Treaty was produced attempting long-term peace whilst punishing the losers of the war, as most Treaties do. If the Treaty had been accepted by the Germans, it could have been an established peace settlement. In conclusion, there are many strengths and weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles, from the ideological revolution in the League of Nations, to the lack of considered economics in the reparations and loss of territories. However, the Treaty should be commended as one of its own time, that regardless of its contents would have been changed and adjusted as no Treaty had ever involved so many world and European powers. Marks convincingly summed up the Treaty by rightly claiming that the Treaty was a product of its time representing the feelings of the time; therefore its duration was limited seeing as the reality of the feelings of 1919 was limited.  [13]